Bragard, I., Etienne, A.M., Faymonville, M.E., Coucke, P., Lifrange, E., Schroeder, H., . . . Jerusalem, G. (2017). A nonrandomized comparison study of self-hypnosis, yoga, and cognitive-behavioral therapy to reduce emotional distress in breast cancer patients. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 65, 189–209.
To compare the effects of self hypnosis, yoga, and cognitive-based therapy (CBT) on psychological and sleep patient outcomes
Women with non-metastatic breast cancer selected whether they wanted to participate in groups receiving CBT, self hypnosis, or yoga interventions. CBT included six weekly 90 minute group sessions led by trained psychologists. The yoga intervention included six weekly 90 minute group sessions of Hatha yoga and a DVD for use in home practice. Self-hypnosis sessions were 2 hours every two weeks for 12 weeks in small groups. The intervention included tasks and discussions inspired by CBT, with a 15 minute hypnosis exercise at the end of the session. They also received a CD with hypnosis exercises and homework assignments between sessions.
PHASE OF CARE: Multiple phases of care
Prospective, non-random, three-group trial
The majority of patient selected the hypnosis intervention. Anxiety and depression declined significantly in the yoga and hypnosis groups (p < 0.05). Fatigue and insomnia declined in the hypnosis group (p < 0.05). Most attended at least five sessions and practiced at least weekly at home. All three interventions showed medium effect sizes for change in anxiety (Cohen’s d range = 0.57-0.77).
Yoga and self-hypnosis group sessions were associated with decline in anxiety and depression. Self-hypnosis was also associated with improvement in sleep and fatigue scores.
Findings suggest that self hypnosis can be helpful to reduce anxiety, depression and insomnia in women with breast cancer. If relevant resources are available to clinicians this could be a low risk and beneficial activity for symptom management.
Bozcuk, H., Ozcan, K., Erdogan, C., Mutlu, H., Demir, M., & Coskun, S. (2017). A comparative study of art therapy in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and improvement in quality of life by watercolor painting. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 30, 67–72.
To test the effect of painting art therapy, provided by a dedicated professional artist, on quality of life and anxiety and depression levels in patients receiving chemotherapy
Patients receiving treatment at an outpatient chemotherapy unit were recruited into the study for 12 weeks. Patients were classified by their exposure to the Painting Art Therapy Program (PATP). One group had prior exposure the the second did not. The third group were patients who declined participation and they were considered the control group. The study investigator who is an experienced art therapist conducted the therapy. Patients participated in watercolor painting and a discussion about the symbolic nature of the paintings, feelings, and thoughts. The investigator artist provided introduction to watercolor. During the chemotherapy infusion, the patient made watercolor paintings. After completions of the painting, patients discussed the meaning and subject of their painting. Patients in the intervention group were also given painting materials for home practice.
PHASE OF CARE: Active anti-tumor treatment
Comparative prospective study
All patients reported liking the PATP to some extent. Change in global quality of life and depression scores differed significantly among the three groups (F = 7.87, p = 0.001; and F = 7.8, p = 0.001). Correlates of change in depression were participation in PATP (F = 7.75, p < 0.001) and baseline depression scores (F = 17.71, p < 0.001). Predictors of the magnitude of change and change in depression were participation in PATP. Patients who had poorer well being showed better improvements by participating in PATP. Previous exposure to PATP appeared to diminish the benefit obtained by PATP.
The authors showed improved quality of life and relief from depression in patients with the utilization of PATP. They authors demonstrated that watercolor can be an important form of art therapy in maintaining quality of life in patients with cancer. The application is feasible in the outpatient clinic. Patients demonstrated benefit of PATP in close relationship with basal global quality of life and depression scores. Because art is subjective, other forms of art therapy may target different patients more specifically.
Art therapy can be an important and feasible intervention for patients on active treatment. Participation in art therapy while receiving chemotherapy treatment can improve quality of life and contribute to decreased depression.
Altay, N., Kilicarslan-Toruner, E., & Sari, Ç. (2017). The effect of drawing and writing technique on the anxiety level of children undergoing cancer treatment. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 28, 1-6.
To determine the effect of drawing and writing technique on the anxiety level of children treated for cancer during hospitalization.
A five-day therapeutic program to reduce anxiety of children in treatment for cancer was implemented to understand the effect of continuous therapeutic play. Drawing, writing, and mutual storytelling techniques were pre-arranged in the child’s room. Drawing supplies were given to the children. The State Anxiety Inventory was administered on the first day. Drawing was implemented on the first and third days. Children were asked to draw a picture of a child in the hospital and to write a self-created story with a beginning, a middle, and an end about his or her drawing. Mutual storytelling was implemented on the second and fourth days. While listening to the story of the child, the researcher analyzes the themes and psychological meaning for the child. The researcher responds with a story that is similar but has a more positive ending. On the fifth day, the State Anxiety Inventory is administered for the second time.
Quasi-experimental (pre- and postintervention evaluations of a single group)
The five-day program was evaluated on the first and fifth day. The State Anxiety Inventory mean score (38.63 [SD = 4.38]) for children after the intervention decreased when compared to the mean beginning score (42.63 [SD = 4.64]) (Z = -4.57, p < 0.05). Only 2 of the 30 children wanted to keep the drawings after the intervention.
Drawing and writing and mutual storytelling techniques can be used to reduce the anxiety levels of children in treatment for cancer. The five-day program time interval and intervention could be implemented in future research.
Writing and drawing can enable children to express their emotions and fears in an artistic format. Nurses should use these techniques to help uncover the hospitalized child’s anxiety. Training for interpretation and projective techniques in therapeutic communication with children would be helpful in hospital settings.
Eyigor, S., Uslu, R., Apaydın, S., Caramat, I., & Yesil, H. (2018). Can yoga have any effect on shoulder and arm pain and quality of life in patients with breast cancer? A randomized, controlled, single-blind trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 32, 40–45.
To examine the effects of yoga on shoulder and arm pain, quality of life (QOL), depression, and physical performance in patients with breast cancer
A 10-week Hatha yoga program was evaluated in this study. Hatha yoga is a mind-body exercise program of breathing exercises, flexibility, and relaxation components. The program in this study was supervised by a certified trainer and the session was taught at a beginner level. Sessions lasted one hour and were offered two days per week. All study participants (intervention and control) received education about cancer, lymphedema, and coping with ADLs. This included a booklet with information on exercises to stimulate lymph circulation. All participants were asked to practice these exercises twice a day.
PHASE OF CARE: Transition phase after active treatment
Randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a usual care control group. Study outcomes were assessed by personnel blinded to the study assignment.
Visual analog scale for pain, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, 6-minute walk test, and evaluation of lymphedema. Measures were completed pre- and post-treatment. Study measures were also completed at 2.5 months post-treatment, but because most of the control group did not show up for their follow-up visit, data for the control group were not included in the analysis.
The two study groups did not differ significantly on demographic characteristics, types of breast cancer treatment, and baseline study measure scores. The yoga group demonstrated a significant improvement in pain severity from baseline to post-treatment for shoulder (p = 0.01) and arm (p = 0.01) pain; however, there was no significant difference between the yoga and control groups in regard to pre- and post-treatment pain. The yoga group’s improvement in pain severity was maintained at 2.5 months post-treatment (p = 0.01). There was no difference in depression, 6-minute walk, and QOL scores between groups from baseline to post-treatment. The yoga group demonstrated significantly improved QOL from baseline to 2.5 months post-treatment for functional (p = 0.01) and symptom (p = 0.03) scores, and improvement in their 6-minute walk time (p = 0.04). No evidence of worsening of lymphedema was found in either study group.
It is unclear if the yoga intervention truly relieved the shoulder and arm pain of the women with breast cancer since the control group also experienced a decrease in pain severity from baseline to 10 weeks. Shoulder and arm pain may normally decrease over time for this patient population. However, the Hatha yoga program appears to be a safe intervention which could be recommended if patients are interested in pursuing it.
Although Hatha yoga was not found to be more effective than usual care in relieving shoulder and arm pain, it appears to be a safe form of exercise. In addition, women in this study liked it as evident by the 95.5% adherence rate. Nurses should have an understanding of Hatha yoga so, if patients ask about it, they can explain that it is a safe form of exercise but its effectiveness in relieving pain needs to be studied further.
Oh, T., Kim, J., Eom, W., Lee, S., Kim, D., Yim, J., . . . Kim, D.H. (2017). Effects of preoperative ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block on pain after laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Surgical Endoscopy, 31, 127–134.
To determine whether performing a preoperative ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block is an effective pain control measure for laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer.
After anesthesia induction, the patient received 0.5 ml/kg of either 0.25% bupivacaine or normal saline, depending on their predetermined group assignment. Pain was assessed at rest and when coughing 1 hour after surgery, on post-op day 1, post-op day 2, and post-op day 3.
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Pain was measured using the numeric rating scale (NRS). Cumulative opioid use was recorded from post-anesthesia recovery, post-op day 1, post-op day 2, and post-op 3.
Insignificant differences between the treatment group and control group exists when comparing post-op pain and opioid use.
When comparing the treatment group and control group, the differences in the postoperative pain assessments was not significant enough to support that receiving a transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block provides superior benefits.
Small sample (< 100)
The purpose of this study was to determine whether performing a preoperative ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block is an effective pain control measure for laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer. No differences were seen between the treatment and control group. Based on this study a transversus abdominis plane block requires additional research prior to being recommended in this indication.
Mohamed, S.A.B., Abdel-Ghaffar, H.S., Kamal, S.M., Fares, K.M., & Hamza, H.M. (2016). Effect of topical morphine on acute and chronic postmastectomy pain: What is the optimum dose? Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 41, 704–710.
To determine if using a different morphine amount in a morphine/bupivacaine combination would be more effective in pain management in patients after a radical mastectomy for breast cancer.
Registered clinical trial with 90 patients allocated to receive 10 ml plain bupivacaine 0.5% plus either 5, 10, or 15 mg morphine diluted with saline 0.9% to 20 ml and topically to mastectomy site prior to closing. The three groups were compared for the following: time to first postoperative analgesia; IV patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine consumption; pain scores; hemodynamics; sedation; adverse events in first postoperative 48 hours; and Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) scores in first and third postoperative months. Each patient participated in two study phases: an initial two-day treatment phase (48 hours post-op), phase 1, followed by a one- and three-month follow-up, phase 2. All clinical staff and patients were blinded to treatment group assignment.
PHASE OF CARE: Active anti-tumor treatment
Prospective, randomized, double-blind comparative study.
Visual analog scale (VAS), analgesia time, cumulative morphine consumption in first 48 hours, LANSS pain scale
There was a significant difference in analgesia-free time between the three groups. Morphine 15 mg had no patients requiring postoperative analgesics in the first 48 hours compared to 8 patients (27%) in the morphine 10 mg group and 19 patients (63%) in the morphine 5 mg group (p < 0.002). Regarding the time to analgesia use, the morphine 5 mg group was 7.31 hours (SD = 3.12) versus 14 hours (SD = 3.54) in the morphine 10 mg group (p < 0.000).
The morphine 15 mg group had the lowest LANSS recorded score in the first postoperative month when compared to the morphine 5 mg and 10 mg groups (1.1 [SD = 0.37] versus 5.76 [SD = 3.26] versus 4.73 [SD = 2.87], respectively) (p < 0.0001).
The increase in topical morphine (specifically up to 15 mg) in combination with bupivacaine, when compared to lower doses of morphine, has shown a decrease in postmastectomy pain through the reduction of analgesic use within 48 hours after surgery as well as lower LANSS scores within the first postoperative month.
15 mg topical morphine with bupivacaine may decrease postoperative pain and reduce the rate of PMPS.
Hagen, N.A., Cantin, L., Constant, J., Haller, T., Blaise, G., Ong-Lam, M., . . . Lapointe, B. (2017). Tetrodotoxin for moderate to severe cancer-related pain: A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-design trial. Pain Research and Management, 2017, 7212713.
To compare the efficacy of tetrodotoxin (TTX) to placebo in patients with pain secondary to advanced cancer or treatment related to treatment of advanced cancer.
Patients with moderate to severe cancer pain for at least two weeks or longer were randomized to receive a dose of TTX 30 µg or placebo twice daily at least six hours apart for four consecutive days. Participants were then seen on days 5, 8, and 15 in clinic for safety and efficacy evaluations and then on a weekly basis for evaluation by phone or in clinic until pain returned to baseline level.
Multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-design trial
Brief Pain Inventory form completed, patient diary
Clinical benefit of TTX over placebo with estimate effect size of 16.2% (p = 0.046) after adjustment with Holm method, p value was nominally significant for two primary endpoints but not at the prespecified two-side 5% level. Average analgesic response was 57.6 days with TTX compared to placebo at 9.9 days; however, when pain was combined with QOL, there was not a statistically significant difference between those treated with TTX and those with placebo.
TTX administration provides a potential option for uncontrolled moderate to severe cancer pain in patients with advanced cancer that is a non-opioid. TTX provides a different approach to pain via the mechanism of action. However, this drug does not come without side effects/potential adverse effects and, while clinical significance has been demonstrated, this is a modest benefit. The pain reduction was only nominally statistically significant and because of statistical penalties for multiplicity, the study is not considered statistically positive. Therefore, additional study is needed to determine the usefulness of TTX for clinical practice, particularly in those who require high doses of opioids to manage their pain.
Other limitations/explanation: Conflict of interest: funded by Wex Pharmaceuticals; several doctors received operational funding, Dr. Hagen received honorarium, and some of the authors are employees or consultants for Wex Pharmaceuticals. Patients could be on existing pain regimens, unsure if fixed dosing or not
Patients would have to receive via subcutaneous injection. In the study, there were no fatalities and seemed to have a favorable benefit/risk profile. Non-opioid option, although mishandling could cause devastating consequences (TTX can cause paralysis and be fatal in high doses). Patients on high doses of opioids are poor candidates for TTX.
Prevost, V., Delorme, C., Grach, M.C., Chvetzoff, G., & Hureau, M. (2016). Therapeutic education in improving cancer pain management: A synthesis of available studies. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 33, 599–612.
STUDY PURPOSE: Literature review with goals to synthesize current studies and update findings in order to obtain a current, comprehensive estimate of the benefits of pain education.
TYPE OF STUDY: Systematic review
DATABASES USED: PubMed
YEARS INCLUDED: 1987 to March 2014
INCLUSION CRITERIA: Keywords: cancer AND pain AND patient AND education. MeSH terms: pain, pain management, patient education as topic, self-care methods, health knowledge, attitudes, practice, and neoplasms.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA: No specific exclusion criteria.
TOTAL REFERENCES RETRIEVED: 37
EVALUATION METHOD AND COMMENTS ON LITERATURE USED: Criteria used to evaluate: Pain experience, patient satisfaction, and patients’ communication skills and decision making.
FINAL NUMBER STUDIES INCLUDED: 44
TOTAL PATIENTS INCLUDED IN REVIEW: 6,308
SAMPLE RANGE ACROSS STUDIES: 30-970
KEY SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS: Patients with cancer
PHASE OF CARE: Multiple phases of care
Pain experience: 85% of the studies reported that PEP (Pain Education Programs) significantly improved knowledge and beliefs, 52% of studies showed a statistically significant reduction in pain intensity when using PEP, but none of the studies (except one) showed that the intervention had any clear benefits on QOL.
Patient satisfaction: 90% of patients believed that PEP was helpful and 78% said that PEP made them more involved in pain management.
Patients’ communication skills and decision making: Communication with clinicians was the most frequently developed behavior, and those patients who scored higher in active communication reported better pain relief and fewer barriers to pain management.
Research indicates a growing interest in therapeutic education of patients with cancer pain. PEP objectives have shifted from a focus on improving patients’ knowledge about pain management to enhancing their communication skills and attitudes. Additional research is warranted to better evaluate PEP effectiveness.
PEP has been proven to increase patient knowledge of pain management, so it would be wise to increase training for nurses to conduct these interventions properly.
Guinigundo, A.S., Maxwell, C.L., Vanni, L., Morrow, P.K., Reiner, M., Shih, A., . . . Blanchard, E. (2018). A randomized, single-blind study evaluating the effect of a bone pain education video on reported bone pain in patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy and pegfilgrastim. Pain Management Nursing, 19, 693–706.
To investigate the effect of bone pain education on pegfilgrastim-related bone pain in patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy and pegfilgrastim. Patients were either shown a general video or specific bone pain video and then bone pain was assessed using patient surveys that asked about bone pain severity and location, medications usage, and information from adverse reporting.
Patients were randomized 1:1 to view either a generalized education video on chemotherapy side effects or a video on bone pain following chemotherapy and pegfilgrastim.
Randomized single-blind study
Patient-reported maximum bone pain was similar in both groups. General versus specific C1 3.2 versus 3.5 (p = 0.3479); across all cycles, 4.1 versus 4.6 (p = 0.2196). Other measures of bone pain were also similar between groups.
Bone pain was highest in C1 and then decreased and remained stable in subsequent cycles. Bone pain medication usage was also similar between the two groups with the highest usage in C1.
The only area that showed significance was in the 65-75 age group. Maximum bone pain for general video was 2.9 versus 4.6 (p = 0.0599); mean bone pain was 1.3 versus 2.6 (p = 0.0220) and AUC was 5.3 versus 10.9 (p = 0.018).
The bone pain-specific education did not improve patient’s perception of bone pain reported in this patient population. However, this study did provide information on the prevalence, timing, severity, and location of pegfilgrastim-related bone pain. This may help focus future research on treatments for bone pain.
The major nursing implication is that pain is highest in C1. It is important to educate patients so they do not stop pegfilgrastim treatments due to pain. They need to know the amount of pain decreased is subsequent cycles. Education must always be individualized to be effective. Videos do not replace one-on-one teaching, but new educational methods need to be developed. More research is needed in different patient populations and on specific treatment experiences.