References
Albain, K. S., Unger, J. M., Crowley, J. J., Coltman, C. A. J., & Hershman, D. L. (2009). Racial disparities in cancer survival among randomized clinical trials patients of the Southwest Oncology Group. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 101, 984-992. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp175
Amend, K., Hicks, D., & Ambrosone, C. B. (2006). Breast cancer in African American women: Differences in tumor biolgoy from European American women. Cancer Research, 66, 8327-8330.
American Cancer Society. (2011). Breast cancer facts and figures 2011-2012. Atlanta, GA: Author.
Berger, F. G. (2004). The interleukin-6 gene: A susceptibility factor that may contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer mortality. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 88, 281-285.
Bernstein, L., Teal, C. R., Joslyn, S., & Wilson, J. (2003). Ethnicity-related variation in breast cancer risk factors. Cancer, 97(1, Suppl.), 222-229.
Carroll, J. F., Fulda, K. G., Chiapa, A. L., Rodriquez, M., Phelps, D. R., Cardarelli, K. M., … Cardarelli, R. (2009). Impact of race/ethnicity on the relationship between viscerall fat and inflammatory biomarkers. Obesity, 17, 1420-1427.
Clemons, M., & Goss, P. (2001). Estrogen and the mechanism of breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 276-285.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cole, S. W. (2009). Chronic inflammation and breast cancer recurrence. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27, 3418-3419. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.21.9782
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. (2002). Breast cancer and breastfeeding: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50,302 women with breast cancer and 96,973 women without the disease. Lancet, 20, 187-195.
Ershler, W. B., & Keller, E. T. (2000). Age-associated increased interleukin-6 gene expression, late-life diseases, and fraility. Annual Review of Medicine, 51, 245-270.
Forshee, R. A., Storey, M. L., & Ritenbaugh, C. (2003). Breast cancer risk and lifestyle differences among premenopausal and postmenopausal African American women and White women. Cancer, 97(1, Suppl.), 280-288.
Friedenreich, C. M., & Orenstein, M. R. (2002). Physical activity and cancer prevention: Etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. Journal of Nutrition, 132(Suppl.), 3456S-3464S.
Friedman, E. M., & Herd, P. (2010). Income, education, and inflammation: Differential associations in a national probability sample (the MIDUS Study). Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 290-300. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181cfe4c2
Gail, M. H., Brinton, L. A., Byar, D. P., Corle, D. K., Green, S. B., Schairer, C., & Mulvihill, J. J. (1989). Projecting individualized probabilities of developing breast cancer for White females who are being examined annually. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 81, 1879-1886.
Gerend, M. A., & Pai, M. (2008). Social determinants of Black-White disparities in breast cancer mortality: A review. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 17, 2913-2923. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0633
Goswami, B., Rajappa, M., Sharma, M., & Sharma, A. (2008). Inflammation: Its role and interplay in the development of cancer, with special focus on gynecological malignancies. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 18, 591-599.
Govan, V. A., Carrara, H. R. O., Sachs, J. A., Hoffman, M., Stanczuk, G. A., & Williamson, A. L. (2003). Ethnic differences in allelic distribution of IFN-γ in South African women but no link with cervical cancer. Journal of Carcinogenesis, 2, 3. doi:10.1186/1477-3163-2-3
Groer, M. W., Davis, M. W., & Hemphill, J. (2002). Postpartum stress: Current concepts and the possible protective role of breastfeeding. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 31, 411-417.
Hall, I. J., Moorman, P. G., Millikan, R. C., & Newman, B. (2005). Comparative analysis of breast cancer risk factors among African American women and White women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161, 40-51.
Hamer, M., & Steptoe, A. (2009). Prospective study of physical fitness, adiposity, and inflammatory markers in healthy middle-aged men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 85-89. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26779
Hassan, M. I., Aschner, Y., Manning, C. H., Xu, J., & Aschner, J. L. (2003). Racial differences in selected cytokine allelic and genotypic frequencise among healthy, pregnant women in North Carolina. Cytokine, 21, 10-16.
Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
Howren, M. B., Lamkin, D. M., & Suls, J. (2009). Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 171-186.
Il'yasova, D., Colbert, L. H., Harris, T. B., Newman, A. B., Bauer, D. C., Satterfield, S., & Kritchevsky, S. B. (2005). Circulating levels of inflammatory markers and cancer risk in the Health Aging and Body Composition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 14, 2413-2418.
Ip, S., Chung, M., Raman, G., Trikalinos, T. A., & Lau, J. (2009). A summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's evidence report on breastfeeding in developed countires. Breastfeeding Medicine, 4(Suppl. 1), S17-S30. doi:10.1089/bfm.2009.0050
Jabbour, H. N., Sales, K. J., Catalano, R. D., & Norman, J. E. (2009). Inflammatory pathways in female reproductive health and disease. Reproduction, 138, 903-919.
John, E. M., Horn-Ross, P. L., & Koo, J. (2003). Lifetime physical activity and breast cancer risk in a multiethnic population: The San Francisco Bay Area Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 12, 1143-1152.
Joslyn, S. A., & West, M. M. (2000). Racial differences in breast carcinoma survival. Cancer, 88, 114-123.
Kang, D. H., McArdle, T., Park, N. J., Weaver, M. T., Smith, B., & Carpenter, J. (2011). Dose effects of relaxation practice on immune responses in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer: An explorary study [Online exclusive]. Oncology Nursing Forum, 38, E240-E252. doi:10.1188/11.ONF.E240-E252
Kang, D. H., Rice, M., Park, N. J., Turner-Henson, A., & Downs, C. (2010). Stress and inflammation: A biobehavioral approach for nursing research. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 32, 730-760.
Kasapis, C., & Thompson, P. D. (2005). The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: A systematic review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 45, 1563-1569.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Preacher, K. J., MacCallum, R. C., Atkinson, C., & Malarkey, W. B. (2003). Chronic stress and age-related increases in the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 9090-9095.
Lahmann, P. H., Hoffmann, K., Allen, N., van Gils, C. H., Khaw, K. T., Tehard, B., … Elio, R. (2004). Body size and breast cancer risk: Findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). International Journal of Cancer, 111, 762-771.
Liu, Q., Wuu, J., Lambe, M., Hsiech, S. F., Ekbom, A., & Hsieh, C. C. (2002). Transient increase in breast cancer risk after giving birth: Postpartum period with the highest risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes and Control, 13, 299-305.
McCullough, M. L., Feigelson, H. S., Diver, W. R., Patel, A. V., Thun, M. J., & Calle, E. E. (2005). Risk factors for fatal breast cancer in African American women and White women in a large U. S. prospective cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 162, 734-742.
Millikan, R. C., Newman, B., Tse, C. K., Moorman, P. G., Conway, K., Dressler, L. G., … Perou, C. M. (2008). Epidemiology of basal-like breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 109, 123-139.
Mohamed-Ali, V., Goodrick, S., Katz, R. D. R., Miles, J. M., Yudkin, J. S., Klein, S., & Coppack, S. W. (1997). Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 82, 4196-4200.
Ness, R. B., Haggerty, C. L., Harger, G., & Ferrell, R. (2004). Differential distribution of allelic variants in cytokine genes among African Americans and White Americans. American Journal of Epidemiology, 160, 1033-1038. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh325
Palmer, J. R., Wise, L. A., Horton, N. J., Adams-Campbell, L. L., & Rosenberg, L. (2003). Dual effect of parity on breast cancer risk in African American women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 95, 478-483.
Park, N. J., Kang, D. H., & Weaver, M. T. (2010). Objective and subjective breast cancer risk: Relationships with natural killer cell activity and psychological distress in healthy women. Cancer Nursing, 33, 411-420. doi:10.1097/NCC.0b013e3181dc37a1
Phipps, A. I., Chlebowski, R. T., McTiernan, A., Stefanick, M. L., Wactawski-Wende, J., Kuller, L. H., … Li, C. I. (2011). Body size, physical activity, and risk of triple-negative and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 20, 454-463. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0974
Pierce, B. L., Ballard-Barbash, R., Bernstein, L., Baumgartner, R. N., Neuhouser, M. L., Wener, M. H., … Ulrich, C. M. (2009). Elevated biomarkers of inflammation are associated with reduced survival among breast cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27, 3437-3444. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.18.9068
Pike, M. C., Spicer, D. V., Dahmoush, L., & Press, M. F. (1993). Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk. Epidemiologic Reviews, 15, 17-35.
Rao, K. M., Pieper, C. S., Currie, M. S., & Cohen, H. J. (1994). Variability of plasma IL-6 and crosslinked fibrin dimers over time in community dwelling elderly subjects. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 102, 802-805.
Rockhill, B., Spiegelman, D., Byrne, C., Hunter, D. J., & Colditz, G. A. (2001). Validation of the Gail model of breast cancer risk prediction and implications for chemoprevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93, 358-366. doi:10.1093/jnci/93.5.358
Russo, J., Tay, L. K., & Russo, I. H. (1982). Differentiation of the mammary gland and susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2, 5-73. doi:10.1007/BF01805718
Shavers, V. L., Harlan, L. C., & Stevens, J. L. (2003). Racial/ethnic variation in clinical presentation, treatment, and survival among breast cancer patients under age 35. Cancer, 97, 134-147. doi:10.1002/cncr.11051
Stead, L. A., Lash, T. L., Sobieraj, J. E., Chi, D. D., Westrup, J. L., Charlot, M., … Rosenberg, C. L. (2009). Triple-negative breast cancers are increased in Black women regardless of age or body mass index. Breast Cancer Research, 11, R18. doi:10.1186/bcr2242
Stowe, R. P., Peek, M. K., Cutchin, M. P., & Goodwin, J. S. (2010). Plasma cytokine levels in a population-based study: Relation to age and ethnicity. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 65A, 429-433. doi:10.1093/gerona/glp198
Tice, J. A., Cummings, S. R., Smith-Bindman, R., Ichikawa, L., Barlow, W. E., & Kerlikowske, K. (2008). Using clinical factors and mammographic breast density to estimate breast cancer risk: Development and validation of a new predictive model. Annals of Internal Medicine, 148, 337-347. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-5-200803040-00004
Ursin, G., Longnecker, M., & Haile, R. (1995). A meta-analysis of body mass index and risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Epidemiology, 6, 137-141. doi:10.1097/00001648-199503000-00009
Wee, C. C., Mukamal, K. J., Huang, A., Davis, R. B., McCarthy, E. P., & Mittleman, M. A. (2008). Obesity and C-reactive protein levels among White, Black, and Hispanic U. S. adults. Obesity, 16, 875-880. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.7
Zabaleta, J., Schneider, B. G., Ryckman, K., Hooper, P. F., Camargo, M. C., Piazuelo, M. B., … Ochoa, A. C. (2008). Ethnic differences in cytokine gene polymorphisms: Potential implications for cancer development. Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, 57, 107-114. doi:10.1007/s00262-007-0358-4